Sensing ion channels-novel therapeutic targets for ischemic brain 108:377–384.Īrgyle DJ, Kunkler IH and Langdon SP: The impact of tumor pH onĬancer progression: Strategies for clinical intervention. Shen WL: Roles for hypoxia-regulated genes during cervicalĬarcinogenesis: Somatic evolution during the OD, Kleihues P and Ellison DW: The 2016 World Health OrganizationĬlassification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary.Īcta Neuropathol. ASIC1a is a tumor suppressor in gliomagenesis and stemness and may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and target for GBM patients.ĭeimling A, Figarella- Branger D, Cavenee WK, Ohgaki H, Wiestler Mechanistically, ASIC1a negatively modulated glioma stemness via inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway and GSC markers CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. Furthermore, ASIC1a suppressed growth and proliferation of glioma cells through G1/S arrest and apoptosis induction. Functional studies revealed that the downregulation of ASIC1a promoted glioma cell proliferation and invasion, while upregulation of ASIC1a inhibited their proliferation and invasion. Our immunohistochemistry data from tissue microarray revealed that ASIC1a expression was negatively associated with glioma grading. The bioinformatics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that ASIC1 expression levels in GBM tumor tissues were lower than those in normal brain, and glioma patients with high ASIC1 expression had longer survival than those with low ASIC1 expression. As the tumor microenvironment is typically acidic due to increased glycolysis and consequently leads to an increased production of lactic acid in tumor cells, in the present study, the role of acid‑sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), an acid sensor, was explored as a tumor suppressor in gliomagenesis and stemness. Recently, the induction of GSC differentiation has emerged as an alternative method to treat GBM, and most of the current studies aim to convert GSCs to neurons by a combination of transcriptional factors. Despite intensive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, invariable tumor recurrence occurs, which suggests that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) render these tumors persistent.
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The results indicate the possibility of using the compact Cs-AM for MEG recordings, and the current Cs-AM has the potential to be designed for multi-sensor arrays and gradiometers for future neuroscience studies.Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive type of adult gliomas. By using a Cs-AM, we observed a clear peak in AEFs around 100 ms (M100) with a much larger amplitude compared with that of a SQUID, and the temporal profiles of the two devices were in good agreement. The performance of the Cs-AM was verified by measuring human auditory evoked fields (AEFs) in reference to commercial superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) channels. In the frequency band between 10 Hz and 30 Hz, the noise level of the proposed Cs-AM is approximately 10 f T/Hz 1/2, which is comparable with state-of-the-art K- or Rb-based compact AMs.
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It is free of magnetic modulation, which is necessary in one-beam AMs however, such modulation may cause other interference in multi-channel circumstances. Second, the two-beam configuration in the design can achieve higher sensitivity. First, it can be operated in a SERF regime, requiring much lower heating temperature, which benefits the sensor with a closer distance to scalp due to ease of thermal insulation and less electric heating noise interference. Compared with state-of-the-art compact AMs, our new Cs-AM has two advantages. The length of the vapor cell is 4 mm, which can fully satisfy the need of designing a compact sensor array. In the present study, a pump-probe two beam configuration with a Cesium (Cs)-based AM (Cs-AM) is introduced to detect human neuronal magnetic fields. A compact AM array with high sensitivity is crucial to the design however, most proposed compact AMs are potassium (K)- or rubidium (Rb)-based with single beam configurations. An AM employs alkali atoms to detect weak magnetic fields.
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in developing a new generation of magnetoencephalography (MEG) with a spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF)-based atomic magnetometer (AM).
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